The following two calculators can be used to estimate the engine horsepower of a vehicle based on the weight of the vehicle, elapsed time, and speed used to finish a quarter mile run. Vehicle weight should include not only the vehicle, but also the driver, the passenger, and anything else of significant weight. To estimate peak horsepower, maximum work output should be applied from start to finish. The results of all calculations are estimations only.

The Elapsed Time (ET) Method

Use the Concept2 Weight Adjustment Calculator to test your power versus weight impact when rowing outdoors. Generally, a larger, heavier athlete is capable of producing more power than their smaller teammate. In many cases this results in the larger person scoring better on the erg. This does not tell the whole story, because in on water rowing.

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This method uses the vehicle weight and the elapsed time (ET) to finish a quarter mile (402.3 meters) on the formula of

Horsepower =	Weight
	(ET/5.825)3

.

The Trap-Speed Method

This method uses the vehicle weight and the speed at which the vehicle finished a quarter mile (402.3 meters) on the formula of

Horsepower = Weight×(	Speed	)3
	234

. The speed used should be the speed attained at the quarter-mile point, not the average speed.

Precautions

When measuring the elapsed time or trap-speed at maximum work output of an engine, special precautions need to be taken. Firstly, all drivers need to know exactly what they're doing. Inexperience can lead to repercussions, some of which can be serious and life-threatening. Secondly, do not measure elapsed time on a quarter mile on public streets or highways; driving over speed limits is illegal and attention needs to be focused on driving, not measuring times. These activities can endanger not only the driver, but other people as well. There are legal places to measure elapsed time, such as on drag strips, rural roads that are privately owned, and during special events that take place at raceways or airports. Thirdly, ensure that the vehicle is in complete working order, as taking a vehicle to it's limits entails certain risk. Check that tires are properly inflated and secured soundly, that airbags are functional, and that the engine is properly tuned and in good shape.

What Is Horsepower?

The idea of horsepower was created by the 19^th century engineer James Watt, who built some of the first steam engines. Watt's work was remarkable, and to honor him, his name was given to the unit of power, the watt (no, he didn't invent the light bulb, but his name is on every one).

Watt was working in a mine, using horses to pull wagons of coal. He wanted to determine how much coal a pony could pull in a wagon over a given length. He measured how many feet a horse could pull 22,000 pounds of coal in one minute. He then increased that amount to 33,000 foot-pounds in a minute, and called it horsepower.

It's a perfectly arbitrary amount, but it became the measure of how much work engines could do – no one had ever measured this before. So, imagine a horse pulling a wagon of coal out of a mine; with 1 horsepower of effort, the horse pulls 330 pounds of coal 100 feet in one minute.

Measuring Horsepower

Horsepower is measured by a dynamometer, which is a rotor in a housing. It takes a certain amount of power to make the rotor go around at a certain speed.

If you put a car into neutral, and then floor the engine while it is attached to a dynamometer, the device puts a load on the engine and sees whether it can turn the load or how fast it can turn the load around. If you run the engine at 5000 rotations per minute, (rpm), you see how much load that turns on the dynamometer to calculate horsepower.

Every engine has a peak horsepower – an rpm value at which the power available from the engine is at its maximum. You will often see this expressed in a brochure or a review in a magazine as '320 HP @ 6500 rpm'.

Gross or Net Horsepower

Gross horsepower is a measure of the work output of an engine on just a dynamometer, when the engine is not connected to the usual accessories apparent in a running car. Net horsepower measures engine output when connected to belt-driven accessories such as water pumps, power steering pumps, and alternators. There are also parasitic losses in power caused by transmission drag and clutch or converter slippage that net horsepower takes into account. As a result of powering these moving parts, net horsepower can be considerably lower than gross horsepower.

Horsepower Versus Torque

Torque is defined as a rotating force. It's measured as the amount of force multiplied by the length of the lever through which it acts. For example, if you use a one-foot-long wrench to apply 10 pounds of force to a bolt head, you're generating 10-pound-feet of torque. Note that torque is measured in pound-feet, and horsepower is measured in foot-pounds per second.

Torque is the force that can be applied to push the vehicle forward. At a given vehicle weight, a high torque means the vehicle can accelerate faster and is more responsive. Although not always true, generally, the more torque produced by an engine, the more work potential it has. Similarly, an engine that produces more horsepower generally has a greater ability to generate higher torque.

To understand the relationship between horsepower and torque clearer, think of the difference between a racing car and a tractor. A racing car is light, and so its high level of horsepower puts the torque through the gearing system to make it go fast. A tractor, on the other hand, is a massive, heavy piece of machinery which is intended to do work. The tractor can't go fast, but its gearing applies torque so that it can push and pull. If you put the same high horsepower engine on a racing car and a tractor, the result would be a speedy racing car, but not a vehicle that could break down a concrete wall. The slow tractor applies its work to pressure on the wall and breaks it down.

This is why, when you look up the specs for a car in an automobile magazine, you will see indications for both horsepower and torque.

Horsepower and Performance

What we call a 'high-performance' car is just a vehicle with a lot of horsepower and a low weight. So the power-to-weight ratio is the essential determination for a high-performance car. A typical example would be a Ferrari, which might have 800 horsepower on a 3,500 pounds car. This puts the power-to-weight ratio at about 0.229. In comparison, a Ford Explorer, which sells for about a tenth of the price of the Ferrari, might have about 300 horsepower to move about 4,500 pounds. Its power-to-weight ratio would be much lower, about 0.067. The Ferrari will go from zero to 60 miles much faster than the Ford Focus.

It should be clear, at this point, why the calculators use equations that are based on weight, time and speed to calculate horsepower.

Unless you happen to be packing a spare tire around your midsection, improving your power-to-weight ratio is no easy task. If you're an elite triathlete, your body is already low in excess fat and in peak condition. But by using a combination of diet and exercise (mostly diet), you can transform it into a different kind of peak condition that's more suitable to your racing needs.

When describing a top athlete, many will use the expression, 'There's not an ounce of fat on him.' It's flattering, but the truth is that there are many ounces of fat on the athlete -- ounces of fat that he desperately needs to perform. The average human body needs a minimum of 2 to 13 per cent body fat in order to maintain healthy skin and hair and insulate the body against harmful substances [source: American Council on Exercise]. For triathletes, that number goes up. The ideal body fat percentage for elite triathletes is about 5 to 10 per cent for men and 10 to 15 per cent for females [source: Garand]. When shedding pounds, make sure you do it without compromising a healthy body fat percentage.

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A fad or miracle diet may be tempting, but by far the most effective way to diet is to count your calorie intake. Start by sitting down to do some math on how many calories you burn during the course of one day. It might help if you use an online calorie calculator such as this one [source: Health Status]. If you burn 3,000 calories a day, simply structure your diet so you only take in 2,800.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are your secret weapon: They're low in calories, but they'll fill you up. Also, keep a handle on what fluids you're taking in. Although it doesn't feel like much, liquids like juice, beer and milk are deceivingly packed with calories. You'll also want to stick to a strict meal schedule. Skipping breakfast, for instance, can cause you to overeat at lunch. Ideally, you might consider keeping yourself fueled by 'grazing' on a series of healthy snacks throughout the day. Always have food at hand.

As an athlete in training, exercise is already something that you do regularly. Unfortunately, you probably won't be able to achieve an ideal race weight without a fair dose of suffering in the gym. Moderate exercise is good at building endurance, but it won't help you increase your power as effectively. To do that you're going to need brutal, high-intensity exercise: All-out sprints and exhausting weight reps at the gym. These exercises don't need to last long, but they should become a regular part of your workout [source: RacingWeight.com].

Weight loss is a slow process for triathletes. Per week, the most you can hope to lose is about a pound (450 grams) per week [source: Triathlete's World]. Any more, and you can compromise your overall strength. What's worse is that you could also weaken your immune system. Nothing will throw off your race time worse than a poorly timed cold or flu.

Of course, your body isn't the only thing that needs slimming down. That thick, lustrous head of hair? That solid-gold good luck charm? Your 1967 vintage racing bike? These all represent extra weight that can slow you down during a race. Before every triathlon, take a close look at your clothing and equipment to see if there's anything you can ditch or trim to save weight. Currently, the world's lightest road bike is around 7 pounds (about the weight of a house cat) -- but that's going to set you back more than $15,000 [source: VeloNews].

For lots more information on training, see the links below.

Related Articles

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